Latest cbse syllabus of computer science for class 12

Chapterwise weightage :-

Unit Name	Periods	Marks
Object Oriented Programming in C + +	85 Periods (50 Theory and 35 Practical)	43 Marks (30 Theory and 13 Practical)
Data Structure	50 Periods (30 Theory and 20 Practical)	24 Marks (14 Theory and 10 Practical)
Database Management System and SQL	25 Periods (10 Theory and 15 Practical)	15 Marks (8 Theory and 7 Practical)
BooleanAlgebra.	10 Periods (10 Theory)	8 Marks (8 Theory)
Networking and open Source Software	10 Periods (10 Theory)	10 Marks (10Theory)
total	180 Periods (110 Theory and 70 Practical)	100 Marks (70 Theory and 30 Practical)

Unit 1: Object Oriented Programming in C + +

REVIEW: C + + covered In Class-XI.

Object Oriented Programming:

Concept of Object Oriented Programming-Data hiding, Data encapsulation, Class and Object, Abstract class and Concrete class, Polymorphism (Implementation of polymorphism using Function overloading as an example in C + + ); Inheritance, Advantages of Object Oriented Programming over earlier programming methodologies.

Implementation of Object Oriented Programming concepts in C + +:

Definition of a class, Members of a class-Data Members and Member Functions (methods), Using Private and Public visibility modes, default visibility mode (private); Member function definition: Inside class definition and outside class definition using scope resolution operator (: ); Declaration of objects as instances of a class; accessing members from object (s), Objects as function arguments-pass by value and pass by reference.

Constructor and Destructor:

• Constructor: Special Characteristics, Declaration and Definition of a constructor, Default Constructor, Overloaded Constructors, Copy Constructor, Constructor with default arguments
• Destructor: Special Characteristics, Declaration and definition of destructor

Inheritance (Extending Classes):

Concept of Inheritance, Base Class, Derived Class, Defining derived classes, protected visibility mode; Single level inheritance, Multilevel inheritance and Multiple inheritance, Privately derived, Publicly derived and Protectedly derived class, accessibility of members from objects and within derived class (es).

Data File Handling:

Need for a data file, Types of data files-Text file and Binary file.

Text File:

• Basic file operations on text file:
• Creating/Writing text into file, Reading and Manipulation of text from an already existing text File (accessing sequentially)

Binary File:

• Creation of file, Writing data into file, Searching for required data from file, Appending data to a file, Insertion of data in sorted file, Deletion of data from file, Modification of data in a file; Implementation of above mentioned data file handling in C + +; Components of C + + to be used with file handling: Header file: Fstream. h; ifstream, ofstream, fstream classes; Opening a text file in in, out, and app modes
• Using cascading operators (>> <<) for writing text to the file and reading text from the file; open (), get (), put (), getline () and close () functions; Detecting end-of-file (with or without using eof () function); Opening a binary file using in, out, and app modes; open (), read (), write () and close () functions; Detecting end-of-file (with or without using eof () function); tellg (), tellp (), seekg (), seekp () functions.

Pointers:

Introduction to Printer, Declaration and Initialization of Pointers; Dynamic memory allocation/de-allocation operators: New, delete; Pointers and Arrays: Array of Pointers, Pointer to an array (1 dimensional array), Function returning a pointer, Reference variables and use of alias; Function call by reference. Pointer to structures: De-reference/Deference operator: *, → self referencial structures.

Unit 2: Data Structure

Introduction to data structure, primitive and non-primitive data structure, linear and non-linear structure, static and dynamic data structure.

Arrays:

• One and two Dimensional arrays: Sequential allocation and address calculation
• One dimensional array: Traversal, Searching (Linear, Binary Search), Insertion of an element in an array, deletion of an element from an array, Sorting (Insertion, Selection)
• Two-dimensional arrays: Traversal, Finding sum/difference of two NxM arrays containing numeric values, Interchanging Row and Column elements in a two dimensional array

Stack (Array and Linked implementation of Stack):

• Introduction to stock (LIFO _ Last in First Out Operations)
• Operations on Stack (PUSH and POP) and its Implementation in C + +, Converting expressions from INFIX to POSTFIX notation and evaluation of Postfix expression

Queue: (CircularArray and Linked Implementation):

• Introduction to Queue (FIFO-First in First out operations)
• Operations on Queue (Insert and Delete) and its Implementation in C + +.

Unit 3: Database Management System and SQL

• Database Concepts: Introduction to data base concepts and its need.
• Relational data model: Concept of domain, tuple, relation, key, primary key, alternate key, candidate key
• Relational algebra: Selection, Projection, Union and Cartesian product
• Structured Query Language:
• General Concepts: Advantages of using SQL, Data Definition Language and Data Manipulation Language
• Data types: NUMBER/DECIMAL, CHARACTER/VARCHAR/VARCHAR2, DATE
• SQL commands:
• CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, ALTER TABLE, UPDATE…SET… INSERT, DELETE; SELECT, DISTINCT, FROM, WHERE, IN, BETWEEN, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY
• SQL functions: SUM, AVG, COUNT, MAX and MIN
• Obtaining results (SELECT query) from 2 tables using equi-join, Cartesian Product and Union Note: Implementation of the above mentioned commands could be done on any SQL supported software on one or two tables.

Unit 4: BooleanAlgebra

• Role of Logical Operations in Computing.
• Binary-valued Quantities, Logical Variable, Logical Constant and Logical Operators: AND, OR, NOT; Truth Tables; Closure Property, Commutative Law, Associative Law, Identity law, Inverse law, Principle of Duality, Idem potent Law, Distributive Law, Absorption Law, Involution law, DeMorgan’s Law and their applications
• Obtaining Sum of Product (SOP) and Product of Sum (POS) form from the Truth Table, Reducing Boolean Expression (SOP and POS) to its minimal form, Use of Karnaugh Map for minimization of Boolean expressions (up to 4 variables)
• Application of Computing Logic:
• Building up logic circuits using basic Logic Gates (NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOT) Use of Boolean operators (NOT, AND, OR) in SQL SELECT statements
• Use of Boolean operators (AND, OR) in search engine queries.

Networking and open Source Software

• Communication Technologies
• Evolution of Networking: ARPANET, www, Internet, Interspace
• Different ways of sending data across the network with reference to switching techniques (Circuit, Message and Packet switching)
• Data Communication terminologies: Concept of Channel and Data transfer rate (bps, kbps, Mbps, Gbps, Tbps) Transmission media: Twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, optical fiber, infrared, radio link, microwave link and satellite link Network devices: Modem RJ11and RJ45 connectors, Ethernet Card, Hub, Switch, Gateway
• Network Topologies and types: Bus, Star, Tree; PAN, LAN, WAN, MAN
• Network Protocol: TCP/IP, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), PPP, Remote Login (Telnet), Internet Wireless/Mobile Communication protocol such as GSM, CDMA, GPRS, WLL, Mobile Telecommunication Technologies: 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G Electronic mail protocols such as SMTP, POP3 Protocols for Chat and Video Conferencing VOIP Wireless protocols such as Wi-Fi and WiMax Network Security Concepts: Threats and prevention from Viruses, Worms, Trojan horse, Spams Use of Cookies, Protection using Firewall
• India IT Act, Cyber Law, Cyber Crimes, IPR issues, Hacking.
• WebServices: WWW, Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), eXtensible Markup Language (XML); Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP); Domain Names; URL; Protocol Address; Website, Web browser, Web Servers; Web Hosting, Web Scripting-Client side (VB Script, Java Script, PHP) and Server side (ASP, JSP, PHP), Web 2.0 (for social networking) Open Standards Introduction to open standards and its advantage in development of inter-operable environment.
• Open Source Concepts Proprietory and Open Source Software, Freeware, Shareware, FLOSS/FOSS, GNU, FSF, OSI, W3C
• Cloud Computing Characteristics, layers-client, Application, platform and infrastructure, Deployment models-Private cloud, Public cloud, Community cloud and hybrid cloud, Issues-Privacy, Compliance, Security, Sustainability and abuse.

Class XII (12th) Practicals

Programming in C + +

• One programming problem in C + + to be developed and tested in Computer during the examination. Marks are allotted on the basis of following:
• Logic: 5 Marks
• Documentation/Indentation: 2 Marks
• Output presentation: 3 Marks
• Notes: The types of problems to be given will be of application type from the following topics
• Arrays (One dimensional and two dimensional)
• Class (es) and objects
• Stack using arrays and or linked implementation
• Queue using arrays (circular) and or linked implementation
• Binary File operations (Creation, Displaying, Searching and modification)
• Text File operations (Creation, Displaying and modification)

SQL Commands-05 Marks

Five Query questions based on a particular Table/Reaction to be tested practically on Computer during the examination. The command along with the result must be written in the answer sheet.

Project Work-05 Marks

The project has to be developed in C + + language with Object Oriented Technology and also should have use of Data files (The project is required to be developed in a group of 2 − 4 students).

• Presentation on the computer
• Project report (Listing, Sample), Outputs, Documentation Viva

Practical File-05 Marks

Must have minimum 20 programs from the following topics

• Arrays (One dimensional and two dimensional, sorting, searching, merging, deletion’& insertion of elements)
• Class (es) and objects
• Stacks using arrays and linked implementation
• Queues using arrays (linear and circular) and linked implementation
• File (Binary and Text) operations (Creation, Updation, Query)
• Any computational based problems

Latest CBSE Syllabus of class 12 informatics practice

UNIT 1: NETWORKING AND OPEN STANDARDS

Computer Networking: Networking – a brief overview, Basic concept of domain name, MAC, and IP Address, Identifying computers and users over a network (Domain Name, MAC ‘Media Access Control’ and IP address), domain name resolution, Network Topologies, Types of network – LAN,MAN, WAN, PAN; Wired Technologies – Co-Axial, Ethernet Cable, Optical Fiber; 

Wireless Technologies – Blue Tooth, Infrared, Microwave, Radio Link, Satellite Link; Network Devices – Hub,Switch, Repeater, Gateway – and their functions Network security – denial of service, intrusion problems, snooping

Open Source Concepts:Open Source Software (OSS), common FOSS/FLOSS examples (e.g. Gnu/Linux, Firefox,
Open Office), common open standards (open document format Ogg Vorbis)

Indian Language Computing: character encoding, UNICODE, different types of fonts (open type vs true type, static vs dynamic), Entering Indian Language Text – phonetic and key map based.

UNIT 2: PROGRAMMING

Review of Class XI Programming Fundamentals

Basic concept of Access specifier for classes, Members and methodsasic concept of Inheritance: need, Method Overloading and Overriding, Abstract Class and Interfaces,use of interfaces.

Commonly used libraries: String class and methods: to String(), concat(), length(), to LowerCase(),toUpperCase(), trim(), substring()

Math object: pow(), round()

Accessing MySQL database using ODBC/JDBC to connect with database.Web application development: URL, Web Server, Communicating with the web server, concept of Client and Server Side.

HTML based web pages covering basic tags – HTML, TITLE, BODY, H1..H6, Paragraph (P), LineBreak (BR), Section Separator (HR), FONT, TABLE, LIST (UL, OL), FORM;Creating and accessing static pages using HTML and introduction to XML

UNIT 3: RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Review of RDBMS from Class XIDatabase Fundamentals Concept of Database Transaction, Committing and revoking a Transaction using COMMIT and REVOKE,Grouping Records: GROUP BY, Group functions – MAX(), MIN(), AVG(), SUM(), COUNT();using COUNT(*), DISTINCT clause with COUNT, Group Functions and Null Values,Displaying Data From Multiple Tables: Cartesian product, Union, concept of Foreign Key, Equi-Join

Creating a Table with PRIMARY KEY and NOT NULL constraints, adding a Constraint, enabling Constraints, Viewing Constraints, Viewing the Columns Associated with Constraints;

ALTER TABLE for deleting a column, ALTER TABLE for modifying data types of a column DROP Table for deleting a table;

UNIT 4: IT APPLICATIONS

Front-end Interface – Introduction; content and features; identifying and using appropriate component(Text Box, Radio Button, CheckBox, List) for data entry, validation and display;

Back-end Database – Introduction and its purpose; exploring the requirement of tables and its essential attributes;

Front-End and Database Connectivity – Introduction, requirement and benefits Demonstration and development of appropriate Front-end interface and Back-end Database for e-Governance, e-Business and e-Learning applications

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CBSE Latest syllabus of class 12 accountancy

Name of the Units and their weightage in Board Exam:-

Units	Chapters	Marks
Part A	Accounting for Partnership Firms and Companies	35
	Unit 1. Accounting for Partnership Firms	25
	Unit 2. Accounting for Companies
Part B	Financial Statement Analysis
	Unit 3. Analysis of Financial Statements	12
	Unit 4. Cash Flow Statement	8
Part C	Project Work	20
	OR
Part B	Computerized Accounting
	Unit 3. Computerized Accounting	20
Part C	Practical Work	20

Part A: Accounting for Partnership Firms and Companies

Unit 1: Accounting for Partnership Firms

Partnership: features, Partnership Deed. 

Provisions of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 in the absence of partnership deed.

Fixed v/s fluctuating capital accounts.Preparation of Profit and Loss Appropriation account- division of profit among partners, guarantee of profits.

Past adjustments (relating to interest on capital, interest on drawing, salary and profit sharing ratio).

Goodwill: nature, factors affecting and methods of valuation – average profit, super profit and capitalization.

Accounting for Partnership firms – Reconstitution and Dissolution.

Change in the Profit Sharing Ratio among the existing partners – sacrificing ratio, gaining ratio, accounting for revaluation of assets and reassessment of liabilities and treatment of reserves and accumulated profits. Preparation of revaluation account and balance sheet.

Admission of a partner – effect of admission of a partner on change in the profit sharing ratio, treatment of goodwill (as per AS 26), treatment for revaluation of assets and reassessment of liabilities, treatment of reserves and accumulated profits, adjustment of capital accounts and preparation of balance sheet.

Retirement and death of a partner: effect of retirement / death of a partner on change in profit sharing ratio, treatment of goodwill (as per AS 26), treatment for revaluation of assets and reassessment of liabilities, adjustment of accumulated profits and reserves, adjustment of capital accounts and preparation of balance sheet. Preparation of loan account of the retiring partner.

Calculation of deceased partner‟s share of profit till the date of death. Preparation of deceased partner‟s capital account, executor‟s account and preparation of balance sheet.

Dissolution of a partnership firm: types of dissolution of a firm. Settlement of accounts -preparation of realization account, and other related accounts: capital accounts of partners and cash/bank a/c (excluding piecemeal distribution, sale to a company and insolvency of partner(s)).

Unit-2 Accounting for Companies

Accounting for Share Capital

Share and share capital: nature and types.

Accounting for share capital: issue and allotment of equity shares, private placement of shares, Employee Stock Option Plan (ESOP). Public subscription of shares – over subscription and under subscription of shares; issue at par and at premium, calls in advance and arrears (excluding interest), issue of shares for consideration other than cash.

Accounting treatment of forfeiture and re-issue of shares.

Disclosure of share capital in company‟s Balance Sheet.

Accounting for Debentures

Debentures: Issue of debentures at par, at a premium and at a discount. Issue of debentures for consideration other than cash; Issue of debentures with terms of redemption; debentures as collateral security-concept, interest on debentures.

Redemption of debentures: Lump sum, draw of lots and purchase in the open market (excluding ex-interest and cum-interest). Creation of
Debenture Redemption Reserve. 

Note: Related sections of the Indian Companies Act, 2013 will apply.

Part B: Financial Statement Analysis

Unit 3: Analysis of Financial Statements

Financial statements of a company: Statement of Profit and Loss and Balance Sheet in the prescribed form with major headings and sub headings (as per Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013).

Financial Statement Analysis: Objectives, importance and limitations.

Tools for Financial Statement Analysis: Comparative statements, common size statements, cash flow analysis, ratio analysis.

Accounting Ratios: Objectives, classification and computation.

Liquidity Ratios: Current ratio and Quick ratio.

Solvency Ratios: Debt to Equity Ratio, Total Asset to Debt Ratio, Proprietary Ratio and Interest Coverage Ratio.

Activity Ratios: Inventory Turnover Ratio, Trade Receivables Turnover Ratio, Trade Payables Turnover Ratio and Working Capital Turnover Ratio.

Profitability Ratios: Gross Profit Ratio, Operating Ratio, Operating Profit Ratio, Net Profit Ratio and Return on Investment.

Unit 4: Cash Flow Statement

Meaning, objectives and preparation (as per AS 3 (Revised) (Indirect Method only)

Part B: Computerised Accounting

Unit 3: Computerised Accounting

Overview of Computerised Accounting System.

• Introduction: Application in Accounting.
• Features of Computerised Accounting System.
• Structure of CAS.
• Software Packages: Generic; Specific; Tailored.

Accounting Application of Electronic Spreadsheet.

• Concept of electronic spreadsheet.
• Features offered by electronic spreadsheet.
• Application in generating accounting information – bank reconciliation statement; asset accounting; loan
• repayment of loan schedule, ratio analysis
• Data representation – graphs, charts and diagrams.

Using Computerized Accounting System.

• Steps in installation of CAS, codification and Hierarchy of account heads, creation of accounts.
• Data: Entry, validation and verification.
• Adjusting entries, preparation of balance sheet, profit and loss account with closing entries and opening entries. Need and security features of the system.

Database Management System (DBMS)

• Concept and Features of DBMS.
• DBMS in Business Application.
• Generating Accounting Information – Payroll.
• Best of luck for your exams prepration from team Goyals academy

CBSE latest syllabus of maths class 12

Name of the Units and their weightage in Board Exam:-

Unit	Topic	Marks
I.	Relations and Functions	10
II.	Algebra	13
III.	Calculus	44
IV.	Vectors and 3-D Geometry	17
V.	Linear Programming	6
VI.	Probability	10
	Total	100

Unit I: Relations and Functions

1. Relations and Functions

Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations. One to one and onto functions, composite functions, inverse of a function. Binary operations.

2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Definition, range, domain, principal value branch. Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions. Elementary properties of inverse trigonometric functions.

Unit II: Algebra

1. Matrices

Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices. Operation on matrices: Addition and multiplication and multiplication with a scalar. Simple properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication. Noncommutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2).Concept of elementary row and column operations. Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists; (Here all matrices will have real entries).

2. Determinants

Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3 matrices), properties of determinants, minors, co-factors and applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix. Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by examples, solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix.

Unit III: Calculus

1. Continuity and Differentiability

Continuity and differentiability, derivative of composite functions, chain rule, derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions, derivative of implicit functions. Concept of exponential and logarithmic functions.

Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions. Logarithmic differentiation, derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms. Second order derivatives. Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems (without proof) and their geometric interpretation.

2. Applications of Derivatives

Applications of derivatives: rate of change of bodies, increasing/decreasing functions, tangents and normals, use of derivatives in approximation, maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable tool). Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding of the subject as well as real-life situations).

3. Integrals

Integration as inverse process of differentiation.Integration of a variety of functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, Evaluation of simple integrals of the following types and problems based on them.

Definite integrals as a limit of a sum, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof). Basic propertiesof definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals.

4. Applications of the Integrals

Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, circles/parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only), Area between any of the two above said curves (the region should be clearly identifiable).

5. Differential Equations

Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation.Formation of differential equation whose general solution is given.Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables solutions of homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree. Solutions of linear differential equation of the type:

dy/dx + py = q, where p and q are functions of x or constants.

dx/dy + px = q, where p and q are functions of y or constants.

Unit IV: Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry

1. Vectors

Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector.Direction cosines and direction ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position vector of a point, negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio. Definition, Geometrical Interpretation, properties and application of scalar (dot) product of vectors, vector (cross) product of vectors, scalar triple product of vectors.

2. Three – dimensional Geometry

Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points.Cartesian equation and vector equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines, shortest distance between two lines.Cartesian and vector equation of a plane.Angle between (i) two lines, (ii) two planes, (iii) a line and a plane.Distance of a point from a plane.

Unit V: Linear Programming

1. Linear Programming

Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimization, different types of linear programming (L.P.) problems, mathematical formulation of L.P. problems, graphical method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions (bounded and unbounded), feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints).

Unit VI: Probability

1. Probability

Conditional probability, multiplication theorem on probability. independent events, total probability, Baye’s theorem, Random variable and its probability distribution, mean and variance of random variable. Repeated independent (Bernoulli) trials and Binomial distribution.

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CBSE Latest syllabus of economics class 12

Name of the Units and their weightage in Board Exam:-

Units	Marks
Part A: Introductory Microeconomics
Introduction	6
Consumer Equilibrium and Demand	16
Producer Behaviour and Supply	16
Forms of Market and Price Determination	12
Part B: Introductory Macroeconomics
National Income and Related Aggregates	15
Money and Banking	8
Determination of Income and Employment	12
Government Budget and the Economy	8
Balance of Payments	7
Total	100

Part A: Introductory Microeconomics

Unit 1: Introduction

Meaning of microeconomics and macroeconomics

What is an economy? Central problems of an economy : what, how and for whom to produce; concepts of production possibility frontier and opportunity cost.

Unit 2: Consumer Equilibrium and Demand

Consumer’s equilibrium – meaning of utility, marginal utility, law of diminishing marginal utility, conditions of consumer’s equilibrium using marginal utility analysis.

Indifference curve analysis of consumer’s equilibrium-the consumer’s budget (budget set and budget line), preferences of the consumer (indifference curve, indifference map) and conditions of consumer’s equilibrium.

Demand, market demand, determinants of demand, demand schedule, demand curve and its slope, movement along and shifts in the demand curve; price elasticity of demand – factors affecting price elasticity of demand; measurenment of price elasticity of demand – (a) percentage-change method and (b) geometric method (linear demand curve); relationship between price elasticity of demand and total expenditure.

Unit 3: Producer Behaviour and Supply

Production function – Short-Run and Long-Run

Total Product, Average Product and Marginal Product.

Returns to a Factor.

Cost and Revenue: Short run costs – total cost, total fixed cost, total variable cost; Average cost; Average fixed cost, average variable cost and marginal cost-meaning and their relationship.

Revenue – total, average and marginal revenue – meaning and their relationship.

Producer’s equilibrium-meaning and its conditions in terms of marginal revenue-marginal cost.

Supply, market supply, determinants of supply, supply schedule, supply curve and its slope, movements along and shifts in supply curve, price elasticity of supply; measurement of price elasticity of supply – (a) percentagechange method and (b) geometric method.

Unit 4: Forms of Market and Price Determination

Perfect competition – Features; Determination of market equilibrium and effects of shifts in demand and supply.

Other Market Forms – monopoly, monopolistic competition, oligopoly – their meaning and features.

Simple Applications of Demand and Supply: Price ceiling, price floor.

Part B: Introductory Macroeconomics

Unit 5: National Income and related aggregates

Some basic concepts: consumption goods, capital goods, final goods, intermediate goods; stocks and flows; gross investment and depreciation.

Circular flow of income; Methods of calculating National Income – Value Added or Product method, Expenditure method, Income method.

Aggregates related to National Income: Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), Gross and Net Domestic Product (GDP and NDP) – at market price, at factor cost; National Disposable Income (gross and net), Private Income, Personal Income and Personal Disposable Income; Real and Nominal GDP.

GDP and Welfare

Unit 6: Money and Banking

Money – its meaning and functions.

Supply of money – Currency held by the public and net demand deposits held by commercial banks.

Money creation by the commercial banking system.

Central bank and its functions (example of the Reserve Bank of India): Bank of issue, Govt. Bank, Banker’s Bank, Controller of Credit through Bank Rate, CRR, SLR, Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate, Open Market Operations, Margin requirement.

Unit 7: Determination of Income and Employment

Aggregate demand and its components. Propensity to consume and propensity to save (average and marginal).

Short–run equilibrium output; investment multiplier and its mechanism. 

Meaning of full employment and involuntary unemployment.

Problems of excess demand and deficient demand; measures to correct them – change in government spending, taxes and money supply.

Unit 8: Government Budget and the Economy

Government budget – meaning, objectives and components.

Classification of receipts – revenue receipts and capital receipts; classification of expenditure – revenue expenditure and capital expenditure.

Measures of government deficit – revenue deficit, fiscal deficit, primary deficit their meaning.

Unit 9: Balance of Payments

Balance of payments account – meaning and components; balance of payments deficit-meaning. 

Foreign exchange rate – meaning of fixed and flexible rates and managed floating.

Determination of exchange rate in a free market.

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CBSE Latest syllabus of business studies class 12

Name of the Units and their weightage in Board Exam:-

	Units	Marks
Part A	Principles and Functions of Management
1	Nature and Significance of Management	16
2	Principles of Management
3	Business Environment
4	Planning	14
5	Organizing
6	Staffing	20
7	Directing
8	Controlling
Part B	Business Finance and Marketing
9	Financial Management	15
10	Financial Markets
11	Marketing Management	15
12	Consumer Protection
Part C	Project Work	20
	Total	100

Part A: Principles and Functions of Management

Unit I: Nature and Significance of Management

1. Management – concept, objectives and importance
2. Management as Science, Art and Profession
3. Levels of management
4. Management functions – planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling
5. Coordination – concept, characteristics and importance

Unit 2: Principles of Management

1. Principles of Management – concept, nature and significancance
2. Fayol’s principles of management
3. Taylor’s Scientific Management – principles and techniques

Unit 3: Management and Business Environment

1. Business Environment – concept and importance
2. Dimensions of Business Environment – Economic, Social, Technological, Political and Legal
3. Impact of Government policy changes on business with special reference to liberalization, privatization and globalisation in India.

Unit 4: Planning

1. Concept, importance and limitations
2. Planning process
3. Single use and Standing Plans – Objectives, Strategy, Policy, Procedure, Method, Rule, Budget and Programme.

Unit 5: Organising

1. Concept and importance.
2. Organizing Process.
3. Structure of organization – functional and divisional.
4. Formal and informal organization.
5. Delegation: concept, elements and importance.
6. Decentralization: concept and importance.

Unit 6: Staffing

1. Concept and importance of staffing
2. Staffing as a part of Human Resource Management
3. Staffing process: Recruitment – sources; Selection – process
4. Training and Development – Concept and importance. Methods of training- on the job and off the job- Induction training, vestibule training, apprenticeship training and internship training.

Unit 7: Directing

1. Concept and importance
2. Elements of Directing: – Supervision – concept, functions of a supervisor.; – Motivation – Concept, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs; Financial and non-financial incentives.; – Leadership – concept, styles – authoritative, democratic and laissen faire.; – Communication – concept, formal and informal communication; barriers to effective; communication, how to overcome the barriers.

Unit 8: Controlling

1. Concept, nature and importance
2. Relationship between planning and controlling
3. Steps in the process of control

Part B: Business Finance and Marketing

Unit 9: Financial Management

1. Concept and objectives of financial management.
2. Financial decisions : investment, financing and dividend and factors affecting.
3. Financial planning – concept and importance.
4. Capital Structure – concept and factors affecting.
5. Fixed and Working Capital – concept and factors affecting their requirements.

Unit 10: Financial Markets

1. Financial Markets: concept and types.
2. Money market and its instruments.
3. Capital market and its types (primary and secondary).
4. Stock Exchange – functions and training procedure. Depository Services and D’mat Account.
5. Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) – objectives and functions.

Unit 11: Marketing Management

1. Marketing – concept and functions.
2. Marketing management philosophies.
3. Marketing Mix – concept
4. Product – concept, branding, labeling and packaging. Price – factors determining price.
5. Physical distribution- concept, channels of distribution: types, choice of channels.
6. Promotion -concept and elements; advertising- concept, role, objections against advertising, personal selling – concept and qualities of a good salesman, sales promotion – concept and techniques, public relations – concept and role.

Unit 12: Consumer Protection

1. Concept and importance of consumer protection.
2. Consumer Protection Act 1986
3. – Meaning of consumer and consumer protection.
4. – Rights and responsibilities of consumers
5. – Who can file a complaint and against whom?
6. – Redressal machinery.
7. – Remedies available.
8. Consumer awareness – Role of consumer organizations and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs).

Unit 13: Project Work

Best of luck for CBSE Exam prepration from yeam Goyals Academy

CBSE Latest syllabus of chemistry class 12

Name of the Units and their weightage in Board Exam:-

Unit	Title	Marks
I	Solid State	23
II	Solutions
III	Electrochemistry
IV	Chemical Kinetics
V	Surface Chemistry
VI	Isolation of Elements	19
VII	p-Block Elements
VIII	d- and f-Block Elements
IX	Coordination Compounds
X	Haloalkanes and Haloarenes	28
XI	Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
XII	Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
XIII	Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen
XIV	Biomolecules
XV	Polymers
XVI	Chemistry in Everyday Life
	Total	70

Unit I: Solid State

Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea). Unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties. 

Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators and n & p type semiconductors.

Unit II: Solutions

Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties – relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult’s law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass, van’t Hoff factor.

Unit III: Electrochemistry

Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell -electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells, lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, Relation between Gibbs energy change and emf of a cell, fuel cells, corrosion.

Unit IV: Chemical Kinetics

Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous), factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction, rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order reactions), concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment). Activation energy, Arrhenious equation.

Unit V: Surface Chemistry

Adsorption – physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis, homogenous and heterogenous activity and selectivity; enzyme catalysis colloidal state distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspension; lyophilic , lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation, emulsion – types of emulsions.

Unit VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

Principles and methods of extraction – concentration, oxidation, reduction – electrolytic method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron.

Unit VII: p – Block Elements

Group 15 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; nitrogen preparation properties & uses ; compounds of nitrogen, preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen (Structure only) ; Phosphorus – allotropic forms, compounds of phosphorus: preparation and properties of phosphine, halides PCl3 , PCl5 and oxoacids (elementary idea only).

Group 16 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties,dioxygen: Preparation, Properties and uses, classification of oxides, Ozone, Sulphure -allotropic forms; compounds of sulphure: Preparation properties and uses of sulphur-dioxide, sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses; oxoacids of sulphur (Structures only).

Group 17 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens, Preparation properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens (structures only).

Group 18 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.

Unit VIII: d and f Block Elements

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.

Lanthanoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactvity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.

Actinoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.

Unit IX: Coordination Compounds

Coordination compounds – Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Bonding, Werner’s theory, VBT, and CFT; structure and stereo isomerism, importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative inclusion, extraction of metals and biological system).

Unit X : Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions, optical rotation.

Haloarenes: Nature of C -X bond, substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only.

Uses and environmental effects of – dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform freons, DDT.

Unit XI: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties( of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.

Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.

Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.

Unit XII: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophillic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes: uses.

Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.

Unit XIII: Organic compounds containing Nitrogen

Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.

Cyanides and Isocyanides – will be mentioned at relevant places in context.

Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

Unit XIV: Biomolecules

Carbohydrates – Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccahrides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen) importance.

Proteins – Elementary idea of α – amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins – primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes. Hormones – Elementary idea excluding structure.

Vitamins – Classification and functions.

Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.

Unit XV: Polymers

Classification – natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization, some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon polyesters, bakelite, rubber. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.

Unit XVI: Chemistry in Everyday life

Chemicals in medicines – analgesics, tranquilizers antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines. 

Chemicals in food – preservations, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants.

Cleansing agents – soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

Best of luck for CBSE Exam prepration from team Goyals Academy.

latest Neet syllabus

Highlights of NEET Syllabus 

 Candidates can check below for NEET  syllabus as prescribed by CBSE:

NEET Syllabus for Physics

S.No.	CLASS XI	CLASS XII
1	Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory	Atoms and Nuclei
2	Gravitation	Current Electricity
3	Kinematics	Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
4	Laws of Motion	Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
5	Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body	Electromagnetic Waves
6	Oscillations and Waves	Electronic Devices
7	Physical world and measurement	Electrostatics
8	Properties of Bulk Matter	Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
9	Thermodynamics	Optics
10	Work, Energy and Power

NEET Syllabus for Chemistry

S.No.	CLASS XI	CLASS XII
1	Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure	Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
2	Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties	Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
3	Environmental Chemistry	Biomolecules
4	Equilibrium	Chemical Kinetics
5	Hydrocarbons	Chemistry in Everyday Life
6	Hydrogen	Coordination Compounds
7	Organic Chemistry- Some Basic Principles and Techniques	d and f Block Elements
8	Redox Reactions	Electrochemistry
9	s-Block Element (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)	General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
10	Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry	Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
11	Some p-Block Elements	Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
12	States of Matter: Gases and Liquids	p- Block Elements
13	Structure of Atom	Polymers
14	Thermodynamics	Solid State
15		Solutions
16		Surface Chemistry

NEET Syllabus for Biology

S.No.	CLASS XI	CLASS XII
1	Cell Structure and Function	Biology and Human Welfare
2	Diversity in Living World	Biotechnology and Its Applications
3	Human physiology	Ecology and environment
4	Plant Physiology	Genetics and Evolution
5	Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants	Reproduction

NEET  subject wise questions 

Subjects	Number of MCQs
Physics	45
Chemistry	45
Botany	45
Zoology	45

Marking Scheme: +4 and -1

For each correct response, candidates will get 4 marks, while -1 mark will be deducted for each incorrect answer.

Best of luck for NEET from team Goyals Academy

CBSE Latest syllabus of Physics class 12

Name of the Units and their weightage in Board Exam:-

Unit	Chapter / Topic	Marks
I	Electrostatics	15
	Chapter-1: Electric Charges and Fields
	Chapter-2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
II	Current Electricity
	Chapter-3: Current Electricity
III	Magnetic Effect of Current & Magnetism	16
	Chapter-4: Moving Charges and Magnetism
	Chapter-5: Magnetism and Matter
IV	Electromagnetic Induction & Alternating Current
	Chapter-6: Electromagnetic Induction
	Chapter-7: Alternating Current
V	Electromagnetic Waves	17
	Chapter-8: Electromagnetic Waves
VI	Optics
	Chapter-9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
	Chapter-10: Wave Optics
VII	Dual Nature of Matter	10
	Chapter-11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
VIII	Atoms & Nuclei
	Chapter-12: Atoms
	Chapter-13: Nuclei
IX	Electronic Devices	12
	Chapter-14:  Semiconductor  Electronics
X	Communication Systems
	Chapter-15: Communication Systems
	Total	70

Unit I: Electrostatics

Chapter-1: Electric Charges and Fields

Electric Charges; Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law-force between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. 

Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in uniform electric fleld.

Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside).

Chapter-2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.

Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarisation, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor.

Unit II: Current Electricity

Chapter-3: Current Electricity

Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity. Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.

Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell,combination of cells in series and in parallel. Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications. Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge.

Potentiometer – principle and its applications to measure potential difference and for comparing emf of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.

Unit III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

Chapter-4: Moving Charges and Magetism

Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment.

Biot – Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.

Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire. Straight and toroidal solenoids, Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron.

Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.

Chapter-5: Magnetism and Matter

Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron. Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements.

Para-, dia- and ferro – magnetic substances, with examples. Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths. Permanent magnets.

Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

Chapter-6: Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s laws, induced emf and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. 

Self and mutual induction.

Chapter-7: Alternating Current

Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits, wattless current. 

AC generator and transformer.

Unit V: Electromagnetic waves

Chapter-8: Electromagnetic Waves

Basic idea of displacement current, Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their transverse nature (qualitative ideas only).

Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.

Unit VI: Optics

Chapter-9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Ray  Optics:: Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lensmaker’s formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact combination of a lens and a mirror. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism.

Scattering of light – blue colour of sky and reddish apprearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset.

Optical instruments: Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.

Chapter-10: Wave Optics

Wave optics: Wave front and Huygen’s principle, relection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle. Interference Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarisation, plane polarised light Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids.

Unit VII: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

Chapter-11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation-particle nature of light.

Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted; only conclusion should be explained).

Unit VIII: Atoms & Nuclei

Chapter-12: Atoms

Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum.

Chapter-13: Nuclei

Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones. Radioactivityalpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law. 

Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear fission, nuclear fusion.

Unit IX: Electronic Devices

Chapter-14: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits

Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors and insulators (qualitative ideas only)

Semiconductor diode – I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier;

Special purpose p-n junction diodes: LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode and their characteristics, zener diode as a voltage regulator.

Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor and transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration), basic idea of analog and digital signals, Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR).

Unit X: Communication Systems

Chapter-15: Communication Systems

Elements of a communication system (block diagram only); bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data); bandwidth of transmission medium. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky and space wave propagation, satellite communication. Need for modulation, amplitude modulation and frequency modulation, advantages of frequency modulation over amplitude modulation. Basic ideas about internet, mobile telephony and global positioning system (GPS).

Best of luck for prepration For CBSE Exams from team Goyals academy

CBSE Latest syllabus of Biology of class 12

Name of the Units and their weightage in Board Exam:-

Unit	Title	Marks
VI	Reproduction	14
VII	Genetics and Evolution	18
VIII	Biology and Human Welfare	14
IX	Biotechnology and its Applications	10
X	Ecology and Environment	14
	Total	70

Unit I. Reproduction

Chapter-1: Reproduction in Organisms

Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; Asexual reproduction Modes of reproduction-Asexual and sexual reproduction; Modes-Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.

Chapter-2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination-types, agencies and examples; Outbreedings devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events-Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.

Chapter-3: Human Reproduction

Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation ; Parturition; Lactation .

Chapter-4: Reproductive Health

Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control – Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).

Unit VII. Genetics and Evolution

Chapter-5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism-Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination – in humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance – Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorder in humans – Thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.

Chapter-6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation – Lac Operon; Genome and human ganeome project; DNA fingerprinting.

Chapter-7: Evolution

Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (Paleontological, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution – Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy – Weinberg’s principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.

Unit VIII. Biology and Human Welfare

Chapter-8: Human Health and Diseases

Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); Basic concepts of immunology – vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDs; Adolescene, drug and alcholol abuse.

Chapter-9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

Improvement in food production : Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification, Apiculature and Animal husbandry.

Chapter-10: Microbes in Human Welfare

In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicious use.

Unit IX. Biotechnology and Its Applications

Chapter-11: Biotechnology – Principles and Processes

Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology). 

Chapter-12: Biotechnology and its Application

Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops; Transgenic Animals; biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents.

Unit X. Ecology and Environment

Chapter-13: Organisms and Populations

Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche, Population and ecological adaptations; Population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributesgrowth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.

Chapter-14: Ecosystem

Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy; nutrient cycles (carbon and phosphorous); ecological succession; ecological services – carbon fixation, pollination, seed dispersal, oxygen release (in brief).

Chapter-15: Biodiversity and its Conservation

Concept of biodiversity; patterns of biodiversity; importance of biodiversity; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites.

Chapter-16: Environmental Issues

Air pollution and its control; water pollution and its control; agrochemicals and their effects; solid waste management; radioactive waste management; greenhouse effect and climate change; ozone layer depletion; deforestation; any one case study as success story addressing environmental issue(s).

Best of luck for prepration For CBSE Exams from team Goyals academy